Point : explorations

When we talked about these places working like machines, I thought to myself, that could have never been put more perfectly. I like all of the different relationships of machines. The fact that technology is constantly coming up with new, advanced ideas for machines.

The Explorations unit is by all means the most expressive and fast paced section of history that eventually reflects the lifestyles we live now where design has become disposable and lazy, much like everything else in our society. But at the turn of the 20th century, design was striving to break free from the classical mold that seemed impossibly glued to every structure in some form or fashion. Instead of remaining complacent with the same architectural idioms of the past, designers were turning to the arts as a way of giving the mundane uniformity of architecture a face-lift.
Leading the conversation in modernism was the Bauhaus school of Germany. Founded by Walter Gropius this school of thought challenged what it meant to be modern. Bauhaus meaning international style sought out a form of architecture that could speak a similar language no matter where on the earths surface the structure sat. With a reduction of surface decoration Bauhaus architects allowed the form to serve as both structure as well as ornamentation, occasionally using primary colors such as red blue and yellow to create a balance or harmony in a space. From the Bauhaus school arose the architect and product designer Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe. His famous words “less is more” captures the spirit of “modern” architecture at the time. These words came to fruition in his design of the Farnsworth house of Plano Illinois.

The idea of machine was fully embraced members of the faculty like Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe,Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer. The idea of modern was now an act of paying close attention to detail and knowing how to simplify something so that it still gives a strong presence

The foundation of it all has changed from being focused on humans to just being focused on the aesthetics. There is no substance in design anymore, there is only surface. It is as if the origins of it all has not been able to be traced back on current design. I believe that throughout this whole time, there has been a lot of give and take between who the design is for, but ultimately an expression on the culture of the time, whether looking backwards or forwards.

Project : machine

READING COMPREHENSION 7

LANDSCAPE: REAL, SURREAL & CONSTRUCTED

Srrounded Islands, Biscayne Bay, Greater Miami Florida
by Christo and Jeanne-Claude

Focusing on the work and commerce theme in the Greensboro Collects Art gallery exhibition at the Weatherspoon Art Museum,I noticed that majority of these pieces depict symbolic and abstract interpretations of the earths surface.
"architects use of forms that are widely and instantly recognizable, drawing on imagery that is comforting and reassuring in a destabilizing world"(Roth pg.584)


This kind of art called "land art" or "earth art" It emerged late 1960s in the U.S.
The luminous pink color of the shiny fabric was in harmony with the tropical vegetation of the uninhabited verdant island, the light of the Miami sky and the colors of the shallow waters of Biscayne Bay. Surrounded Islands was a work of art which underlined the various elements and ways in which the people of Miami live, between land and water."The ‘Hi-Tech’ movement celebrated the aesthetic of industrial production."(Massey pg.195)

I think their work was visually impressive and often controversial as a result of its scale, the artists have repeatedly denied that their projects contain any deeper meaning than their immediate aesthetic impact. The purpose of their art was simply to create works of art or joy and beauty and to create new ways of seeing familiar landscapes. I believe one important thing Christo’s work does highlight is the basic relationship between humans and the earth.

Like Christo and Jeanne-Claude, many architects emphasized on beauty or joy of its function. I believe many designer got impressed or inspired by trend of art. As people know, art is mainly viewed for delight, therefore architectures purpose was changed. The form or exterior became so important that the function no longer matters. For example, the Sydney Opera House is meant to be sculptural and portray sales off of the ocean and it accomplishes this but as a concert hall it lack in some important areas. The interior is problematic when it comes to sounds and due to its end product being an opera house it is useless. This is considered satisfactory because it fulfills what the designer intended the building to look like and not what the building was supposed to be used for but it had to be done "the image was simply too compelling not to build".(Roth pg.554)

reflections summary

Kacie Leisure http://www.kacieleisure.blogspot.com/
Austin Loman http://www.austinloman.blogspot.com/
Abigail Buchanan http://abigailbuchanan.blogspot.com/



Kacie explained about the gothic revival with specific details such as the gothic art, characteristics of the gothic style. Also,she pointed out the eastern influence on the west with design language. On her four aspects of design, She dealt with these western designs were an "escape" of what they were used to. Patterns on plates and bowls became used on western carpets and fabric.She ties all these influences to the Royal Pavilion building in England.

Abigail thinks that people continue throughout time reflecting design languages of the past and reviving them. All different sections of time were all revolutions in themselves, yet each movement still echoed reflections of past designs. She described emotion, drama, fluidity, rich ornamentation, applied surface decoration, layering, repetition, elegance, harmony, geometry, extravagance and emphasis as the Baroque style. Also, She continues to American colonial period, the style was based on Greek origin and State capitols all over America similarly were reflective of Greek revival. I agree with her opinion that all different periods of time together is that all revolutions end up turning to what they know which is classical Greek and roman architecture.

He approached this unit through the chronogical history. He thinks the crystal palace break from a holistic design style as seen in the baroque period and begin to see structures in which the shell and the objects contained with in the shell speak two very different languages. Then he gave another example of England and France's design style that fusion of western and eastern such as India, China and Japanese. Those countries effect design changing to furniture, building or space.

alternatives summary

Kathryn Frye http://miss-emelbee.blogspot.com/
Cassandra Bradfield http://cassandrashannon.blogspot.com/
Leslie Canipe http://lesliekcanipe.blogspot.com/

Katheryn speculated about the renaissance period. She approached to private house throught the structural analsis. She states the Renaissance shifts from public sphere to private and turning the home into the hearth rather than a significant public building such as the Pantheon. So people can have elegance, entertainment, and beauty aspects, which make the house the sanctuary and not other public forms.
She described the ways of the renaissance that everything was fit into the rule and the rule was based on function and balance.

Cassandra also believed that "Man became the measure of all things" and the “rebirth” of classicism known as the renaissance arose. She stated throughout the Renaissance we can see a marriage of past principals given new light such as the basic stacking and layering of arches and columns to develop new ways of thinking about old ideals. Her opinion was the Renaissance architecture was a simple arrangement of, circle, square, and rectilinear forms used in ancient times expressed in mathematical proportion

Leslie approached this unit with Gothic and the Renaissance movement. She says within a single building the entire universe must be expressed. The strategies become an important factor to consider while people see that the Gothic world puts much concentration on verticality, de-materialization, and the story telling potential through glass. Also, There is an intent to create new tradition for all as we move into an era where man is the measure of all things. She thinks this idea is today's principles of design.

Project: clock

During the Baroque period, everythings were delicated, opulented and exaggerated.
It is not just overused, Baroque style showed high quality and elegant through people's emotion.
I believe Baroque style can define in a word "Elaboration"

Point : Reflection

This unit covered many styles from the Baroque period to
the colonial North America and the 19th century. Many kinds of architectural ideas revived from the past style.
The Baroque style used a new rhetorical, theatrical, sculptural fashion, expressing the triumph of absolutist church and state through architectural way. New architectural concerns for color, light and shade, sculptural values and intensity characterize the Baroque. But whereas the Renaissance drew on the wealth and power of the Italian courts, and was a blend of secular and religious forces, the Baroque was, initially at least, directly linked to the Counter-Reformation, a movement within the Catholic Church to reform itself in response to the Protestant Reformation. This architecture evolved out of Renaissance architecture in Italy in
Baroque Architecture started in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist the 1600’s when the architects there began to get bored of the same symmetry and forms that they had been using for the past 200 years. When this happened, they began to make curving facades and used the double curve on many different buildings.

The Baroque played into the demand for an architecture that was on the one hand more accessible to the emotions and, on the other hand, a visible statement of the wealth and power of the Church. The new style manifested itself in particular in the context of new religious orders.

Features of Baroque Architecture

*Large-scale ceiling frescoes
*Dramatic or uniform use of light
*Dramatic central projection on the external façade
*Opulent use of ornaments, such as plaster or stucco, marble or faux finishing
*Use of the interiors as a shell for painting and sculpture (especially during the late Baroque)
*Use of columns, domes, towers and oval windows

The Colonial Era of American Architecture existed from 1607 to 1830. During these years American architecture was influenced by the European settlers and the archetectural styles that they brought with them. These early architecteral styles varied throughout the regions of America as the settlers moved throughout the nation, but they had two things in common, they were all pretty plain or uncomplicated and were influenced greatly by the nationalities of the settlers.

English Colonial, including the Cape Cod and the New England Saltbox, is a style of architecture brought to America in the seventeenth century by settlers who came from England. This era of architecture is the result of this move by the settlers and resembles late medieval architecture found in rural England at this time.

Dutch Colonial, found primarily in the Hudson River Valley and New York City, is a style of architecture brought to America by the Dutch settlers. This architecture closely resembles the architecture of their homeland and includes batten doors, paired chimneys and gambrel roofs that are steeply pitched.

French Colonial, some which are still evident along the Mississippi basin and throughout southern Louisiana. Characteristics of French Colonial architecture are paired shutters, side gabled or hipped roofs, narrow windows and doors that are tall.

Spanish Colonial, which is still very evident in the American Southwest, is characterized by low-roofs with red tile and adobe walls along with few windows but many external doors

This era in American Architecture saw several styles emerge. These are English Colonial, Dutch Colonial, French Colonial, Spanish Colonial and Georgian. Each of these styles were influenced by the settlers and where they came from.

Georgian Colonial homes usually have these features:
•Square, symmetrical shape
•Paneled front door at center
•Decorative crown over front door
•Flattened columns on each side of door
•Five windows across front
•Paired chimneys
•Medium pitched roof
•Minimal roof overhang




when the object get refledcted, the image is shows what you see or expect.
Even the object is twisted or rounded, the reflected object shows exaclty what we see like a mirror.
The architecture reflects how people lived, all different kind of style reflect what people thought, what they want at that time.

READING COMPREHENSION 5

1.
Windsor chair

It was first imported from England in the 1720’s, the language of contrast is displayed through the use of repetition between the spindles of the chair and the open spaces between it. There is also a contrast in the proportion, size, and form of some of the high back Windsor chairs compared to the “splayed” formation of the legs. However this unusual proportion was necessary because most chairs from this period were designed to be functional and more comfortable, in fact Harwood states “Comfort is important, so arms curve and seats contour slightly to fit the body.” In the early neoclassical period the same type of contrast that was evident in the Neo-Palladian and Georgian period between the artifact and its ornament reoccurs. The light marquetry and ornamental designs that adorn furniture from the Neo-Palladian and Georgian period contrast its heavy structure and solid appearance through the use of carvings of flowers and bronze and gilt


2.
Building: Royal pavilion

The Royal pavilion is in classical style and it represents the exotic and eclectic aspect. The building takes advantage of new materials, highly irregular in forms. The Pavilion combines Chinese, Islamic, medieval and Indian details motifs such as Chinese-style lattice, minarets, or onion domes.

Place: Innis Arden residence

This modern house is not only formed in Japanese style architecture. But, inside of it, the house is a display for an extensive collection of Japanese pottery and folk art. This modern house surrounded by garden, in Japanese style too, featuring waterfall. Not only that, pond, Japanese entry gatehouse, and bridge which make this house full of Japanese culture of architecture. With wide big wood column and living spaces

Artifact: Chippendale style legs

there are six different basic Chippendale style legs–the lion’s paw, the ball and claw, the late Chippendale, the Marlborough, the club and the spade–he based three of them on the cabriole shape which is an elegant, serpentine style ending in a distinctive foot. These include the lion’s paw, which ends with a lion paw shaped foot. The club is a simple round foot and the ball and claw, which looks like an eagle talon holding a ball. The remaining leg styles are straight–the Marlborough being a plain, square leg, the spade a tapered round leg often with a square or trapezoid foot, and the late Chippendale having a square leg with a square foot. Chippendale’s Gothic and Chinese influenced designs had straight or tapering legs, tracery carving and fret and lattice work.


Space: Nave, First Presbyterian Church, Nashville, Tennessee

The Egytian Revival architecture style has been rarely used in the United States, but the examples that have and do exist often exhibit interesting elements and imaginative uses of materials.
The style was used in public and educational buildings; churches; cemeteries (for entrances, as in sketch at top; and for tombs); memorials; homes; and out-buildings. Egyptian characteristic attributes include massiveness, solemnity, solidity, and timeless or eternal feeling. Egyptian Revival interiors are far less common in residences but typify rooms in public building of the style.

READING COMPREHENSION 6

1.

Art Nouveau, 1890-1914, explores a new style in the visual arts and architecture that developed in Europe and North America at the end of the nineteenth century.Art Nouveau was a concerted attempt to create an international style based on decoration. It was developed by a brilliant and energetic generation of artists and designers, who sought to fashion an art form appropriate to the modern age. During this time, urban life as we now understand it was established. Old customs, habits, and artistic styles sat alongside new, combining a wide range of contradictory images and ideas. Many artists, designers, and architects were excited by new technologies and lifestyles, while others retreated into the past, embracing the spirit world, fantasy, and myth.


Art Nouveau architects Horta who designed the iconic Hotel Eetvelde in Brussels. creating an indistinct, continuous flow of seamless, organic elements. In the Hotel Horta used a hanging steel construction for the façade. The interior receives additional lighting through a central reception room covered by a stained-glass cupola. The building has a more conventional, beautifully detailed sandstone façade.

Hotel Eetvelde / Brussels, Belgium / Victor Horta (Massey, pg 35).

In Spain the style was concentrated in the eccentric hands of Gaudi in Barcelona. Casa Batllo seems that the goal of the designer was to avoid straight lines completely. Much of the façade is decorated with a mosaic made of broken ceramic tiles that starts in shades of golden orange moving into greenish blues. The roof is arched and was likened to the back of a dragon

Casa Battlo / Barcelona, Spain / Antonio Gaudi (Masey, pg 47).

Art Nouveau was in many ways a response to the Industrial Revolution. Some artists welcomed technological progress and embraced the aesthetic possibilities of new materials such as cast iron. Others deplored the shoddiness of mass-produced machine-made goods and aimed to elevate the decorative arts to the level of fine art by applying the highest standards of craftsmanship and design to everyday objects. Art Nouveau designers also believed that all the arts should work in harmony to create a "total work of art"



2.
Villa Savoye


Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier (Roth Pg 476)

Villa Savoye is an excellent example of Le Corbusier's Machine for Living ideal, it is no surprise that the house employs a number of mechanical devices for easing manual tasks. The automobile was a new thing at the time, and Le Corbusier put a lot of though into how the experience of arriving at the site by car would be integrated into the experience of the house.

The main part of the house is located on the first floor, while the ground floor is occupied by the hall and offices for the service, with a garage capable of storing 3 automobiles of the time, something that was a milestone in the history of architecture and a great step forward for its time. Pass through a thick stand of mature trees which then open up into the clearing, with the house in the middle. The driveway then leads under the house and around to the front door. In fact the radius of the curve of the ground floor leading to the entrance was determined by the turning radius of a car of the day. So residence would get out of the car, protected under the house, and enter the front door.

The Villa Savoye was designed by Le Corbusier as a paradigm of the "machine as a home", so that the functions of everyday life inside become critical to its design.



3.


Robie House, Frank Lloyd Wright (Roth, Pg 464)

project: perspective

When i heard about Gothic, my first impression was black and white.
It might be related to light and shadow or brightness and darkness.

I wanted to make the project like framed-picture with Gothic's symbol,
Arch, vertical column, extremely pitched roof, and geometric shape of structure....

READING COMPREHENSION 4

ELEMENTS:
Line: a single mark of progression.
Space: the parts between two or more planes.
Form: the shape or flow of a plane.

PRINCIPLES:
Repetition: the repeat of two or more parts.
Contrast: two or more opposing factors.
Emphasis: the importance placed on a certain subject.
Harmony: the perfect balance of a collection.
Balance: equality in weight between parts.
Proportion: relationship of the parts.
Unity: prominent factor; idea of a whole
I believe that everything started at one place that spread out over time and modified as necessary. Design reflects and represents how they lived and what they thought. According to “Understanding Architecture” Roth says “The idea was created, through deliberate and rational design, a new social order and with it a new, purer, morefunctionally and structurally expressive architecture.”

In the artifact, the furniture is showing design elements such as space, shape and line very well. They expressed geometric form that repeats certain patterns by using balance or harmony. These artifacts made from different places and used by different people. However, all different shapes, patterns or decorations support only one element, the most important thing, function.

In space, four spaces were designed for residential part such as entertaining, social meeting or service area. Those spaces were designed in different periods that have their own style. These spaces describe the social level through architectural method and requirement. Therefore, the principles and design elements are different in each space. Each room describes repetition, balance, proportion and unity.

In building, the most common element is residential structure. Each building is a unit of the whole, that is copied it many times. On the exterior of each building shows repetition and symmetry. There is also an emphasis on geometric shapes that build the past and reinvented harmony within these building styles.




(2)
England
17th century, European colonists settled on the eastern coast of America and traded with England current fashions and supplies. Local craftsmen, who are often recent immigrants, are familiar with the latest trends in interiors and furnishings. The earliest houses were smaller and functional with little embellishment due to limited supplies. Most structures share such medieval characteristics as steeply pitched gable roofs, casement windows, and framed construction due to the knowledge they already acquired. Early Southern homes were made of wood, timer frames, and are unpainted. The earliest furniture designed in colonial America was very crude but people become more accustomed to that what was available to them. These furniture styles then changed but held common techniques.

Gateleg table: repetition of ornamental motifs and geometric shape.

Spain
Spain settled in Florida and dominated the Southeast territory of America. Casas and smaller common homes in the Southeast emphasize protection from harsh, arid and hostile climate. This climate is similar to Spain’s homeland so the techniques applied were already accustomed to their styles. Spanish followed more sophisticated construction methods using barrel and groin vaults with domes. Their furniture style influenced from Spanish Renaissance and Baroque techniques were more individual and collective compared to the rest of Europe. Spanish influences were decorative but with America’s local climate, materials and labor force limited decoration. Therefore, the furniture produced were more vernacular, provincial, and crude compared to original Spanish styles. With this, Spanish American aesthetics were more simple in form and decoration. For example, Spindles are carved and often flat instead of rounded or decoration is painted on or shallowly carved.

Fraileurs: repeated motif, balance and proportional element

France
French sent armies and administrators to the New World to establish and maintain the absolutist policies of the Crown. They dominate Louisiana around New Orleans at the end, and their style adapted to the local climate and structure. Most buildings constructed were of stone and clapboards naturally. Their style is more vernacular and distinctive in the regional area of America. Steeply pitched roofs, half-timber construction, and square shapes are common French characteristics. The furniture produced is influenced by Louis xiii, xiv, and xv style. The Amoire, borrowed heavy styles from France that has a simple cornice, double doors and a plain facade with no ornamentation. Curves are evident throughout the design, often seen in the apron and legs.

Armoirs: repetition, functionality and symmetry

Germany/ Holland
German style influence European classicism of the Renaissance or Baroque. They bring native medieval buildings and furnishing to America. They used local woods such as walnut, pine or popular and painted with bright colors. Common decorations are applied through moldings, carvings, and inlays and later, graining. The Dutch people that settled in New York and New Jersey reflected medieval traditions instead of the classical Renaissance. Their building style features decorative brickwork that may contain multiple stories. Some parts of the building, low and proportion, are made of stone, wood or mixture that is more common than brick. Their furniture may be brought from home or imported to reproduces Dutch prototypes.

Shrank: Hierarchy, balance and geometric shape

(3)

I decided to choose one big square form because as people know, Palladian architecture featured large halls at its center of the building. Other spaces expanded out from that central point similar to the song and how multiple instruments strung out from one beginning. The space is symmetrical to show the strong structure of the piece and its harmony throughout the song.

(4)
The Baroque played a role in the demand for architecture. These features of baroque were more accessible to human emotions that were expressed in fashion and design. Most human activity were based on sense, dynamics, and ornament especially for the art field such as sculpture, painting, music, fashion and architecture. In architecture these emotions are expressed through the overuse of extra ornaments, dramatic use of light, and strong contrast. The external façade was often characterized by a dramatic central projection. Gathering places such as churches or theaters showed the peek of art and design during the baroque period. Roth says “Architecture has become but one constituent part in what is best expressed by German term Gesamt-kunstwerk, “a total work of art.”

point: foundation

In this chapter, I have learned many country’s architectural method, history and culture and I realized how great human being are. Long time ago, people lived in cave and only they could do was painting on the wall but now, people challenged impossible thought and try to make it happen in real life. While I read textbooks, I could not imagine how they build such a big cathedral or pantheon. At that time, they did not have modern technology. I felt no matter culture or region, ancient people were just great!

In the class we explored Teotihuacan, Mexico where the Pyramid'Sun was found. This city was representative of life and death coexisting in that area. Ancient Egypt brought this idea to the first the Mastaba, and then the Great Pyramids at Giza, the monumental Wu-Wu structures was created by the male pharaohs of Egypt, they preserved bodies for the after-life. The Acropolis in Ancient Greece showed stacking in their temples like the Parthenon.Compare to Roman and Greek architecture more, both Roman and Greek architecture are considedered classical, although the Romans invented new building material such as concrete and cement, while the Greeks used limestone and marble. The Romans developed new method to build more efficient. Showing the beauty that was skillfully achieved by Greeks and adding their own practically and ingenuity, the Roman style was more seen in public dwellings and social gathering areas, such as basilicas and forums, than in their temples. Although their buildings are beautiful on the outside and the inside are equally beautiful, with many-colored walls and paintings. The Greeks people built beautiful architecture for the worship of their gods. The gods were the driving force behind any major architecture of the Hellenistic period. Another major difference between Greek and Roman architecture was the design purpose. Greek architecture was made for a piece of art that would give pleasure to the gods. Exteriors of the buildings designed buildings as a sculpture in a sense, with all of the beauty.

I tried to read lots of cathedrals and Gothic architecture through books and internet. Because when I was in Korea, I got a chance to go to Germany and visited Cologne city to see Cologne Cathedral. While I entering the city, I thought the cathedral was Disney castle. I could see only the building. My first impression was “Wow” I was daunted by the mass. The cathedral was amazingly huge and decorated unbelievable hand-made sculpture, story-telling like mosaic windows and so much detailed work. Textbooks reminded me the memory and I felt sorry I was not educated enough to look at it. If I had architectural knowledge at that time, I could more enjoy and admire it. Now I understand that why ancestors wanted to build higher and what is the meaning of it. In Cathedrals, verticality stands for many things; strength, Christianity, and heaven. They wanted to feel like they are connected to God.

I did not have a chance to take Western architecture history that deals with Egypt, Greek, Roman and so on.This image is representing my thought. I had something unclear or i cannot sure about ancient architecture period but this chapter made me make sure information that i was unclear or questioned to my self. I had a good opportunity to take a look architectural time period and know more deeply. Every time, I got knowledge that I did not sure and rearrange it in my head so question mark and exclamation mark!

map & foundation

1.map project: House of Vetti, Monticello, TWA, Chrysler building

foundation project: Guggenheim museum in Spain

READING COMPREHENSION 3

Light: Salisbury Cathedral




1.

LIGHT: Salisbury and Cologne

Gothic architecture usually have large windows possible, the light has been an important element in church design. Light is also treated it as it were a building material like wood or stone. The light which fills the sanctuary should not purely artificial. Light has symbolic value of its own. They stand as a reminder that the God we worship is the Creator of all things.Light becomes a major element during the dark ages and religious struggle

Both Cathedrals have lots windows, which provide a lot of natural light into the space. But cologne cathedral have narrower windows compare to Salisbury, and narrow windows bring the light into the deeper side of the space

The form / floor plan
The shapes of the building also have influences on the lighting. The shape of the Salisbury is more straight and narrow and the shape of the Cologne Cathedral is more cross shaped, which gets more lights with two side walls.

Orientation and the landscape of the building
Salisbury cathedral is facing south which would get sunshine all day. Furthermore, landscape would also have effect on the lighting. Cologne is surrounded with buildings and Salisbury is surrounded the landscape


Town: Salisbury and Amiens

In Medieval time, religious activity was so important and it had to be center. By natural, Salisbury was center of town and houses or villages were developed. Religious people want to have distinguished between God area and human being, the ground around the church was consecrated so that they had Cathedral site center of city or village and spread out from there.
Amiens Cathedral was built in middle of village. The city was already existed and Catholic wanted to be a part of city that made people believe God. They wanted to make church more accessible o spread out their religious spirit and break down boundary between people and religion. For this reason, Cathedral had to accommodate people and provide amenities at construction.



Impression: Salisbury and Florence

Florence cathedral emphasis on the horizontal elements of the design, and the building rests firmly and massively on the ground Simple, geometric volumes. It looks clearly and shows no tendency to merge either into each other or into the sky. The dome, it might seem to be rising because of its ogival part, which makes feel the building is statelier. On the other hand, Salisbury cathedral was built gothic style with vertical bar and arched windows that make building delicate and elegant. Lots of windows allow sunshine inside and it shines and reflects inner bright.


2.

The important factor of ancient domestic Medieval Architecture-Interior was one large chamber. The chamber wall was an important feature in every building. It occupied the whole of the central part of the house, sometimes from the ground to the roof. Windows of the hall are considerable size, with pointed arches, and divided into two lights by a frame. The walls of the hall were covered with panel in the lower parts, and the upper parts were decorated with paintings and many of the windows were glazed.
In this picture, woman works in the kitchen, usually, the kitchen was a detached building, either of a square or rectangular form, connected with the hall by alley leading from the screens. The kitchen was on the ground floor, and as distinct as possible from the other buildings because of the security measure against fire.

READING COMPREHENTION 2

1.

I believe The Greeks thought contributing or sacrficing for their god was an important role. With their religious duties, they embraced nature, animal and human beings alike. They thought it was reasonable and justifiable to understand the way nature works. The Greeks sacrificed the victim's body for deconstrction or reconstruction. For example, "Eggs, like fruit, were common sacrifices. They were a form of head, since they contained souls, either of birds or of other beings, including humans" They used these sacrifices as exterior decoration such as molding at column's base or header. Later, these decorations played more architectural function such as runoff, ran the rain easily off a building to keep it dry.

2.

Today, people get inforamtion from the Internet. It is easy to access and people do not have visit leave home to find information. Individuals can upload and download what they want, however there are problems. There are so many unverified web sites. For example, a person would like to know about Iraq War. If he or she takes a look at reliable websites such as government run or popular medias, a person can easily find prejudices. If this person read about conspiracy at first, then he or she is going to believe a conspiracy side more without knowing. Daily users upload lots of information whenever they want. They want to believe or persuade people with their thinking. It is very dangerous to make assumptions. To avoid this, people should take a look reasonable web sites first, and consider both side of an opinion. People then need to make their mind whether to use this information or not.

3.

Queen Hatshepsut was one of the greatest queen in ancient Egypt history. She tried to make Egypt strong with a long peaceful era compare to other Pharaohs. She also formed a new architectual method during her life. Hatshepsut inspired her people adopt terraces into horizontal layers similar to the structures designed for her. Later, it was considered Classical Architecture and it became a turning point of Egyptian design. At this time, most king's tomb were of pyramid shapes and had no or few beauty elements. Hatshepsut did not. She chose her site as a center point. The temple directly connected to Theban Goddess of the west. Karnak Temple of Amun, and mountain. It also was connected to the Nile river through the myrrh tree garden. Her tomb symbolizes when she her country would last longer and stronger. She wanted to be a center of the world.

4.

Early Greek temples were made of wood that were replaced to marble. They had been three orders to build Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian columns. Doric style was more formal and severe, Ionic was relaxed and decorative, and Corinthian was more elegant. These columns made different structure's atmosphere and represented their society. They were sculptural decoration and not structural. Most of Greek temples consisted of a single rectangle chamber with side walls. They were extended to the front of the building with artistic columns. The columns were used inside for building support to the ceilings or inside of courtyard for a thousand years. Therefore, these temples were lavished with elegant attention and it enclosed a large volume inside that made for a more massive structure.

Otherwise, most structures were designed by religious and environmental reasons. The Egyptian built structures on higher ground to avoid river Nile's flood. Egyptian temple were made of mud brick and stone where as Greeks used limestone and marble. Huge structures had sloped wall and few windows because of materials durability and lack of water. One flat big stone roof was supported by lots of external walls and internal colunms. Usually, standard temples were designed with a tripartite plan so it made structures generally closed step by step. Old Egyptian decorated interior with paintings or carves. They recorded historical events on the walls. Many temples have one entrance though few gates in the surrounding walls or one large recognizable gate. Egyptians built large obelisk or sphinx outside of temples.

5.

According to Howard article, most chairs found in upper class tombs contained more beauty and dignity because of the power and wealth provided. Their furniture shows their life and royalty for their King or Queen through the art decoations. Wealthy families wanted to make furniture big and heavy so; Royal Egyptian's wanted to be remembered longer. At that time, most furniture was made of wood. Common families had furniture that would not last long and rot while the upper class used gold or sliver allowing them to last longer. Royal people used different materials for furniture that allowed them to exist today.

6.

I belive that mainly men ran Grecian society. Women, slaves and foreigners could not be a citizen and they did not have any right in Greek society. It means only men had absolute power and exerted their authority throughout society. Most women should serve the men as their role during this time. This role of society of Grecian men was shown through vases too. In this picture, a man sits at his seat while women stood serving him. Man and woman were not seen as equals. The shape and size of this vase was massive as well represented these roles giving them an even more masculine appearance.

point : theories

I have been having a hard time catching up with this lecture, so through studying and researching it helped me understainding better. We had learnt, basic elements of design but its factors go more in depth. These elements were covered in a broad field of history and theory that were confusng at first. I could imagine the big picture but i had missed the small details that were covered.

These elements that were mention were the well -being hath conditions of commodity, firmness and delight. It hit my head. Many designers forgot these elements and design what they want. "Understanding Architecture" states "Architecture is a nonverbal form of communication, a mute record of the culture that produced it." Yes, we are dealing with an essential problem. While studying this field of architecture in the U.S and Korea, I noticed it is a universal problem we all face and this chapter helps explain why the problem exist. We need to design with these basic elements to have a product function.



Also, I really enjoyed to researching the four structures and symbolizig them. It was a great opportunity to study these buildings closely.
Monticello was the first structure i enjoyed. I realized many factors through studying it that i would not of before. For instance, i could understand why Monticello was important to American architectural history. Before reading these articles i did not know who Thomas Jefferson was and his accomplishment during his life. His design for Monticello combined neoclassical principles
that were not only beautiful but entranced American historythat created a new style called Jefferson Architecture. This style then formed an unique culture for American structures.

Before studying this, i thought all Western Architecture was the same but now I can see the difference and historyof American architecture alone. Thomas Jefferson design has lasted over forty years because it combined classical elements with the surrounding context that unified the design. It is very hard to be remembered in histor and leave behind remarkable achievement. That is what i want to do and i want to be like him!




I have noticed that every building or structure reflects the people's way of life, ideologies, subcultures and histories. I did not understand before. Missing that part makes my work not satisfying. I felt wanting to add something on my projects that did not have meaning but i did not know why. Now, I know what I have been missing before. When i design, i need to understand the social concerns and needs of a particular worldview, or culture. Design needs to fit context of its entire surrounding to function. With this in mind i will step forward into becoming a good designer

READING COMPREHENTION 1

1.

I think TWA Terminal (JFK) is appropriate structure for Wotton's definition. 1950s, at that

time, expressionism's architecture was boom. People wanted to show their feeling or idea on

their work rather than just emphasize functions. Every architecture reflected world's view, way

of life of social need. One of them is TWA. It was designed bird-like symbol with exciting curved exterior and caverous interior also, equipped high-technologies. As people know, TWA is the most popular airport in the world and a lot of people come to the states through TWA or go out to other places. Therefore, it had to be designed with commodity, firmness and delight. Also, to satisfy with social need , it has renovated in 2008 and fully functioned.

2. -3rd pattern

In Eastern culture, each tribe or ethnic group has their own belief. Sometimes, they make special patterns or symbls to show their spirits like American Indians in Western culture. Eastern people might use symbols as a communication like way of life, social order and surviving method. It is invisible and wordless. 3rd pattern seems that there are lots of fishes and little yellow snail shapes look their feed. In my view, i would like to say a certain tribe wants to catch lots of fishes and their wish, shown as a symbol with fish-like in the picture. then add other interesting drawings. All together, they look like real pattern.

I guess once, Western people know aboout the symbol, they want to combine with industrial method like fabric. It is combination if the East and West. It is not only aesthetic value but also hidden meaning on it.

3.

In the article, usually American people need more space. I do not know it actally exist between Americans but to me, as a foreignor, i totally agree with it. I do not know many classmates in this class. I know only three people even though they are all different group, hard to reach them during the class. When i take a sit, i do not want to get in people's intimate space or friend space because i do not know them well, and they do not know me too. So they left a sit beside me or them. Most people do not want somebody who does not know sit their next. If i get close someone, she or he might feel uncomfortable and me either.

If this class is studio class, the situation would be changed. People walk around , talk together or share something. Those interactions make poeple feel more comfortable and i can get into social space or more closer. With my 4th year classmates, i have been worked with them together almost 2 years. We know each other pretty well and have lots of interaction in class or out of class. i think doing something together make people get closer.

4.

Botton says that "Buildings rarely make palpable the efforts that their construction demands"
People always desire happiness in their life. Naturally the neccessary and sufficient condition rises to satisfy together. I have been thinking what is the perfect thing for those elements and i found an amusement park. There are lots of Disney, Six flags and Universal studios over the world. Those are start from one place but time goes by, people want more and more and they spread out. For example, Disney. It has lots of places over the world and is divided by themes. By themes, structures are made up and provide people delight. Some rides seem they could not be built with modern tech but they are operated like rollercoaster or Universal studio's movie set.

People can have good time with lovers, have a good memory and enjoy newly built rides. Even though old people or mid age people bring their family, have fun in there. I mean human being wants to be happy through instinct. Furthermore, those amusement parks always provide enjoy and guarantee happy time.